Distributed energy resources (DERs) include generation and other energy sources that are not centrally-located such as rooftop solar, combined heat and power, demand response and energy storage.  In order for the energy of DERs to be grid-available, they must be interconnected with the grid. Processes for interconnection are in evolution as utilities and regulators improve…

This paper examines the influence of DER location within a distribution system on benefits, such as avoided infrastructure costs, primarily using solar PV generation as an example. This paper draws upon an earlier paper, DER Interconnection Timelines and Advanced Inverter Deployment, particularly its emphasis on deployment of advanced inverters, but extends its examination of Western…

Frequency response is a measure of an Interconnection’s ability to arrest frequency changes and stabilize frequency immediately following the sudden loss of generation or load. It is extremely important in the reliable operation of the grid. With the transformation of the resource mix some of the frequency response services inherently provided by large, synchronous generation…

Renewable energy is becoming an increasing and significant source of electric generation. The largest share of renewable energy growth comes from wind and solar technologies, both of which are known as variable energy resources (VERs) that have variable dispatch patterns dependent on weather conditions and sunlight.   This paper examines the issues associated with integrating variable…

Carbon pricing is a strategy being utilized by some Western states to achieve clean energy policy goals. This has been done primarily through cap and trade programs or applying a tax directly on emissions. When employing this strategy, there are potentially significant benefits from participation in larger markets. Given that different carbon emission reduction policies…

The goal of this project was to identify barriers to electric energy storage development so that the industry and policymakers can implement solutions to address the barriers that may lead to further development of electric energy storage in the Western Interconnection. Project